Rigid structural and Precast concrete frames are two types of concrete frame construction. Rigid structural frames are made of a series of linear elements. They usually lack pinned joints, and they are statically indeterminate. The stiffness they provide comes from bending rigidity. Because of this, they must have joints that exhibit minimal deformation.
Precast concrete frames
Compared to steel frame construction, precast concrete has several advantages, including increased productivity and cost efficiency. It also improves fire resistance. It also allows for rapid construction, which is ideal for multi-unit housing and schools. The process can be completed in as little as three to four days, reducing the construction time and cost.
Typically, precast concrete frames are used in low-rise, single-story buildings. They are transported to the construction site and assembled with a crane. The precast concrete members are then fixed to the structure using a formwork. The foundation’s main function is to support the structure and transfer the weight to a solid base. In addition, it forms a flat, solid surface for the structure.
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Precast concrete is a type of reinforced concrete that is cast off-site and assembled on-site. Some precast concrete pieces are manufactured in standard shapes and dimensions, while others are customized to fit specific building needs. Precast concrete is a great alternative to steel and wood frames and can meet industry standards.
Precast concrete is durable, resistant to termites, and has excellent thermal properties. This makes it the ideal choice for commercial buildings. Compared to wood, precast concrete buildings are more affordable. However, wood structures have the added benefit of being better for the environment since they are often sourced from sustainably managed forests. Wood also offers an attractive aesthetic quality.
Rigid structural frames
A rigid structural frame is a construction technique where the connections between the frame members are fixed at certain angles. These frames are typically made from steel structural pieces but other types of frame pieces are also used. They are desirable for the relatively high strength they provide. This technique is often used to design bridges.
Rigid structural frames are often used in reinforced concrete and steel frame construction. They provide stiffness and strength by using mostly rigid connections. Unlike other forms of building construction, rigid frames require joints that resist bending movements while providing strength and negligible deformation. In addition, rigid frames do not allow relative rotation between members. The relationship between the bending stiffness of a beam and its rigid connection is
illustrated in Fig. 2.
The difference between rigid structural frames and steel frames is that concrete frames are more rigid and have more continuity. Steel frames, on the other hand, are preferred when very tall structures are needed. They are also more economical to construct and require less space. Another type of frame construction is box frame construction, which utilizes a post-and-lintel principle.
A concrete frame is the most common type of structure used today. It is composed of concrete-based horizontal members (beams) and vertical elements called columns. These elements support the roof and the walls of a building. During its life, these elements must be able to withstand many different types of loads. These loads include live loads, dead loads, earthquake loads, and wind loads.
Shear walls
Shear walls are a type of structural wall that resists lateral loads and a large amount of wind and earthquake forces. Walls transfer those forces to the foundation, reducing the lateral sway of the building and minimizing damage. They also provide structural strength to the building and are easy to construct.
Shear walls are commonly installed along the perimeter of buildings and may also be located in the middle, such as the central part of a building. The materials used for shear walls include plywood, reinforced concrete and steel-braced framed shear walls. Generally, shear walls are installed in symmetrical fashion around the central axis of the building.
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When workability of concrete is a concern, the thickness of a shear wall becomes critical. If the wall thickness is too thin, pouring concrete may be difficult and separation may occur due to the increase in free fall height. For this reason, tall buildings usually use system formworks to prevent the possibility of such separation. Furthermore, these forms can be removed and fixed easily, thereby saving time and money.
In addition to lateral load resistance, shear walls also have the ability to support cyclic loads. Shear walls should be properly detailed and reinforced with a variety of types of reinforcement. Typically, the shear wall is reinforced with a minimum of one-fourth of the wall’s thickness. Furthermore, the horizontal reinforcement must be located within 200mm of the restrained bar.
A shear wall can also function as a coupled or isolated system. A coupled section is comprised of two neighboring wall panels that are connected at joints, which transfer longitudinal shear to the adjacent sections. When the two elements are coupled, the stresses in the sections are equalized, and the overall stiffness of the structure is increased. The result of this coupled system is a more efficient and consistent solution.
Self-weights
Self-weights are a significant factor in determining the design of structures. They result from the hardening of formwork, which supports the building elements during construction. If the formwork is removed during the completion of a project, the column or beam will buckle. The self-weight of a structure can be calculated using the formula below.
The self-weight of a beam element is the cross-sectional area, the density of the member, and the length. A beam member’s self-weight is equal to the full length of the member between the nodes, less the panel zone offset distances at the ends. Beam end offsets introduce additional self-weights to a concrete frame structure.
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Self-weight is an important load that a concrete frame must be able to support. A typical example is a 400 mm-long beam with a 200-mm-wide beam. This beam is loaded with 24kN/m3 of concrete. The amount of force this beam is able to bear depends on its size and density.
In addition to the dead load, the self-weight of a structure is also known as the self-weight of the members. This self-weight will vary depending on the materials used to build the structure. The total dead load of a structure must also include all permanent non-structural elements. Furniture and office equipment do not fall into this category.
Shear connectors
The capacity of shear connectors is determined by the concrete’s compressive strength and rib height and width. The shear capacity of the concrete slab is also affected by the strength of the shear connector. However, a few other parameters can play an important role in determining the shear capacity of the concrete slab.
The steel shear connector ratio plays a significant role in the flexural behavior of a reinforced concrete frame. The ratio of the shear connectors is calculated as a percentage of the total area of the cross-section of all shear connectors placed perpendicularly at the surface. The ratio of shear connectors increases with the number of connectors.
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Another study has focused on the capacity of Perfobond shear connectors. The researchers applied FE simulation to determine the capacity of this structural element. The model was trained using experimental data and was validated against published experimental results. In addition, the neural network was used to determine the shear resistance of perfobond.
DSD shear connectors are used for structural movement joints in many precast applications. In addition, they are used in parapets. Their sleeve components are cast into one end of the parapet section while their dowel components are installed on the site. In Cardiff, the DSD shear connectors were used for the connection between the road base slab and diaphragm wall. This connector system is a proven alternative to corbelled columns and double-framed structures.
As steel is becoming the material of choice for construction, shear connectors are becoming more popular. Shear connectors are used in a variety of building types, including office buildings, sports stadiums, multi-story parking lots, PEB factories, and even iconic structures such as the Eiffel Tower. These connectors are critical in determining the effectiveness of composite structures.
